.The operates a system and assumes fiscal and administrative responsibility for the of all its citizens. There are no private hospitals or clinics as all health services are government-run. The present for Public Health is.Like the rest of the, Cuban medical care suffered following the end of in 1991 and the stepping up of the at this time also had an effect.Cuba has historically – both before and during Communist rule – performed better than other countries in the region on infant mortality and life expectancy.

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Experts say that official statistics by the Castro regime should be treated skeptically. In 2016, the World Health Organisation reported the average life expectancy at birth for Cubans as being 77 years for males and 81 for females, which is higher than that of the United States. Contents.History Modern Western medicine has been practiced in Cuba by formally trained since at least the beginning of the 19th century and the first surgical clinic was established in 1823. Cuba has had many world class doctors, including, whose mosquito-based theory of transmission was given its final proof under the direction of,.

During the period of U.S presence (1898–1902) yellow fever was essentially eliminated due to the efforts of and surgeon.In the 1950s the number of doctors per thousand of the population ranked above Britain, France and the Netherlands. In Latin America it ranked in third place after Uruguay and Argentina.There remained marked inequalities, however. Most of Cuba's doctors were based in the relatively prosperous cities and regional towns, and conditions in rural areas, notably, were significantly worse. The mortality rate was the third lowest in the world. According to the World Health Organization, the island had the lowest infant mortality rate of Latin America.Following the and the subsequent, an increase in and worsened in the 1960s. The new asserted that universal healthcare was to become a priority of state planning.

In 1960 revolutionary and outlined his aims for the future of Cuban healthcare in an essay entitled, stating: 'The work that today is entrusted to the Ministry of Health and similar organizations is to provide public health services for the greatest possible number of persons, institute a program of preventive medicine, and orient the public to the performance of hygienic practices.' These aims were hampered almost immediately by an exodus of almost half of Cuba’s physicians to the United States, leaving the country with only 3,000 doctors and 16 professors in the ’s medical college. Beginning in 1960, the Ministry of Public Health began a program of and of medical services. In 1965, Cuba became the first Latin American country to legalize abortion.In 1976, Cuba's healthcare program was enshrined in Article 50 of the revised which states 'Everybody has the right to health protection and care. The State guarantees thisright:.

by providing free medical and hospital care by means of the installations of the rural medical service network, hospitals and preventive and specialist treatment centers;. by providing free dental care;. by promoting the health publicity campaigns, health education, regular medical examinations, general vaccinations and other measures to prevent the outbreak of disease. All of the population cooperates in these activities and plans through the social and mass organizations.'

Privatization of healthcare in Cuba is illegal and unnecessary as high quality, equal, care covered by the state is available to everyone as made necessary by Cuba's constitution.Cuba's doctor to patient ratio grew significantly in the latter half of the 20th century, from 9.2 doctors per 10,000 inhabitants in 1958, to 58.2 per 10,000 in 1999. In the 1960s the government implemented a program of almost universal. This helped eradicate many contagious diseases including, and, though some diseases increased during the period of economic hardship of the 1990s, such as,. Other campaigns included a program to reduce the infant mortality rate in 1970 directed at maternal and prenatal care. As of 2012, infant mortality in Cuba had fallen to 4.83 deaths per 1,000 live births compared with 6.0 for the United States and just behind Canada with 4.8.

Experts have however noted that these statistics may reflect heavy-handed treatment of pregnant patients or that the statistics may be falsified. One expert, for instance, notes that pregnant women may be forced to undergo abortions if fetal abnormalities are detected or forcibly placed under monitoring. Doctors also have incentives to falsify statistics, as a spike in infant mortality will cost them their jobs. Cuba does not allow for independent verification of its health data. The Hospital de San Felipe in (in 1900), a healthcare educational facility built by the religious order in the mid-19th century Post-Soviet Union Loss of Soviet subsidies brought food shortages to Cuba in the early 1990s. The famine during the was caused by an authoritarian regime that denied people the food to which they were entitled when the public food distribution collapsed; priority was given to the elite classes and the military. The regime did not accept donations of food, medicines and money from the US until 1993.Epidemiologist Manuel Franco describes the Special Period as 'the first, and probably the only, natural experiment, born of unfortunate circumstances, where large effects on diabetes, cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality have been related to sustained population-wide weight loss as a result of increased physical activity and reduced caloric intake'.In 2007, Cuba announced that it has undertaken computerizing and creating national networks in blood banks, nephrology and medical images.

Cuba is the second country in the world with such a product, only preceded by France. Cuba is preparing a computerized health register, hospital management system, primary health care, academic affairs, medical genetic projects, neurosciences, and educational software. The aim is to maintain quality health service free for the Cuban people, increase exchange among experts and boost research-development projects.

An important link in wiring process is to guarantee access to Cuba's Data Transmission Network and Health Website (INFOMED) to all units and workers of the national health system.United States embargo During the 1990s the ongoing caused problems due to restrictions on the export of medicines from the US to Cuba. In 1992 the US embargo was made more stringent with the passage of the resulting in all U.S. Subsidiary trade, including trade in food and medicines, being prohibited. The legislation did not state that Cuba cannot purchase medicines from U.S. Companies or their foreign subsidiaries; however, such license requests have been routinely denied.

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In 1995 the of the Organization of American States informed the U.S. Government that such activities violate international law and has requested that the U.S. Take immediate steps to exempt medicine from the embargo. And the also condemned the embargo in the 90s.The embargo forced Cuba to use more of its limited resources on medical imports, both because equipment and drugs from foreign subsidiaries of U.S. Firms or from non-U.S.sources tend to be higher priced and because shipping costs are greater.

The Democracy Act of 1992 further exacerbated the problems in Cuba's medical system. It prohibited foreign subsidiaries of U.S. Corporations from selling to Cuba, thus further limiting Cuba's access to medicine and equipment, and raising prices. In addition, the act forbid ships that dock in Cuban ports from docking in U.S. Ports for six months. This drastically restricted shipping, and increased shipping costs some 30%.In 2000, the was passed.

The US is now Cuba's single largest source for imported food. The (CANF) states that should Cuba choose not to purchase from the U.S., it can purchase any medicine or medical equipment it needs from other countries. Such third-country transactions only cost an estimated 2%–3% more than purchases from the U.S. As a result of higher shipping costs. CANF also asserts the United States is the largest donor of humanitarian assistance to Cuba and much of this consists of medicines and medical equipment.The US government states that since 1992, 36 out of 39 license requests from U.S.

Companies and their subsidiaries for sales of medical items to Cuba have been approved. The dollar amount of these sales is over $1,600,000. Furthermore, the U.S. Government licensed more than $227 million in humanitarian donations of medicines and medical supplies to Cuba between 1993 and 1997. There are other factors beside the embargo explaining the lack of imports, in particular Cuba's lack of hard currency.

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Those with dollars can easily buy medicines and food in Cuba from Latin America and Canada. Cuba defaulted on its debt to Western banks in 1986 and lacks access to the international credit system in order to get foreign currency. In addition, the collapse of the Soviet Union caused the loss of several billions of dollars in yearly subsidies and overnight required hard currency for all imports.In a 2006 report to the U.N. Secretary-General, Cuba acknowledged the authorization of medicines, though stated that they were subject to severe restrictions and complicated procedures. Cuba is obliged to make payments in cash and in advance, and is precluded from obtaining credit funding, even from private sources.

The sale and transportation of the goods require licenses to be obtained for each transaction. Cuba cannot use its own merchant fleet for transporting these goods, but has to make use of vessels from third countries, primarily the. Payments are made through banks in third countries, since direct banking relationships are prohibited. The Cuban delegation concluded that restrictions on importing medical products were 'so extensive that they make such imports virtually impossible'. The World Health organization/PAHO and concurred that it was impossible for Cuba to purchase equipment, medicines and laboratory materials produced by the United States or covered by United States patents, even though those products were purchased through multilateral cooperation. Cuba was not able to purchase the isotope I-125 that is used to treat eye cancer in children. The companies manufacturing reagents and equipment are 70 per cent United States owned, which makes it difficult to purchase necessary medical equipment and other items.

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All statistics from World Health Organization figures.Cuba had 128 physicians and dentists per 100,000 people in 1957. This was comparable to the levels in many European countries and allegedly the highest in Latin America. In 1986, Cuba had 219 doctors per 100,000 people (compared with 423.7 doctors in the Soviet Union, which had the most doctors among industrialized countries). In 2005, Cuba had 627 physicians and 94 dentists per 100,000 population. That year the United States had 225 physicians and 54 dentists per 100,000 population; the Central American isthmus had 123 physicians and 30 dentists per 100,000. As of 2005, Cuba became the world leader in the ratio of doctors to population with 67 doctors per 10,000 population as compared with 43 in the Russian Federation and 24 in the United States.rates, which are high in Cuba, increased dramatically during the 1980s, but had almost halved by 1999 and declined to near-1970s levels of 32.0 per 1000 pregnancies.

The rate is still among the highest in Latin America. Sexual health According to the report of 2003 there were an estimated 3,300 Cubans living with / (approx 0.05% of the population). In the mid-1980s, when little was known about the virus, Cuba compulsorily tested thousands of its citizens for. Those who tested positive were taken to Los Cocos and were not allowed to leave. The policy drew criticism from the and was discontinued in the 1990s. Since 1996 Cuba began the production of generic drugs reducing the costs to well below that of developing countries. This has been made possible through the substantial government subsidies to treatment.In 2003 Cuba had the lowest HIV prevalence in the Americas and one of the lowest in the world.

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Education in Cuba concerning issues of HIV infection and AIDS is implemented by the.According to a 2005 report by UNAIDS and the, 'Cuba’s epidemic remains by far the smallest in the Caribbean.' They add however that. New HIV infections are on the rise, and Cuba’s preventive measures appear not to be keeping pace with conditions that favour the spread of HIV, including widening income inequalities and a growing sex industry. At the same time, Cuba’s prevention of mother-to-child transmission programme remains highly effective.

All pregnant women are tested for HIV, and those testing positive receive antiretroviral drugs.In 2015, Cuba became the first country in the world to eliminate mother-to-child transmission of HIV and syphilis, a major public health accomplishment.In recent years because of the rise in due to, have increased. Training doctors Cuba's healthcare system persists, in part, due to its medical education system. In Cuba, the medical university is not a separate entity from health services, but it exists within the system. Medical and nursing students mentor and intern within the national system from the first years of their training, specifically within primary care facilities rather than hospitals. This creates a community-based teaching method rather than a typical hospital-based teaching method. Primary care, being the first level of contact to a patient, is closely located to the patient's home and work. Here, students are exposed to medicine and the social, economical, and political factors that influence health.

At primary care facilities, ethics and values are a taught as a large part of the Cuban healthcare system alongside science and technology. Students graduate capable of resolving health issues and knowing when to report to a person higher in the healthcare pyramid. Students graduate with a commitment to providing and preserving quality and equity within healthcare for their communities. The largest medical university in the world exists in Cuba, the.

Cuba and international healthcare.